Onychomatricoma on the fourth toenail: A rare tumor in a rare localization

Onychomatricoma is a rare benign tumor of the nail matrix, characterized by finger-like projections that invade the nail plate. The fingernails of Caucasian women are most commonly affected. Because this tumor can easily mimic other more prevalent ungual diseases, it is crucial to be acquainted with its characteristic clinical and histopathologic features. The authors present a case of a 40-year-old man with an onychomatrichoma in the fourth left toenail, which was initially misdiagnosed and treated as onychomycosis

Fractional CO2 laser with topical 1% terbinafine cream versus oral itraconazole in the management of onychomycosis: A randomized controlled trial

Background: Onychomycosis accounts for 20–40% of all nail disorders. It is difficult to cure with resistance to anti-fungal drugs, their side effects and drug interactions limiting treatment options. Itraconazole is a widely accepted oral medication used for onychomycosis while fractional CO2 laser along with a topical anti-fungal has shown promising results for nail plate clearance in onychomycosis. Aim: To compare the efficacy of fractional CO2 laser with 1% terbinafine cream versus itraconazole in the management of onychomycosis. Methods: A prospective, randomised, single-centre, two-arm, parallel-group interventional study was conducted at Command Hospital Air Force, Bangalore. Onychomycosis cases confirmed by KOH mount/culture-positive were included. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group A received 4 sessions of fractional CO2 laser every fourth week with twice-daily application of 1% terbinafine cream; Group B received one-week pulse therapy with capsule itraconazole once every four-week for three pulses. The response was assessed by Onychomycosis Severity Index, a validated onychomycosis assessment scale, at baseline and at six months. Results: Group A had 50 patients with a total of 98 nails. Clinical improvement was seen in 83/98 (84.7%) nails. The average reduction in Onychomycosis Severity Index was 8.65 (P < 0.05). Group B had 50 patients with a total of 136 nails. Clinical improvement was seen in 104/136 (76.5%) nails. The average reduction in Onychomycosis Severity Index was 7.37 (P < 0.05). Both groups showed statistically significant improvement measured by ‘Reduction in Onychomycosis Severity Index’ at six months; however, there was no significant difference between the two arms. Limitations: The main limitations of the study are the small sample size and lack of long-term follow-up to assess recurrence of infection. Conclusion: Fractional CO2 laser with 1% terbinafine cream is an effective and safe method for inducing nail clearance in onychomycosis and has efficacy similar to itraconazole pulse therapy.

A peculiar case of onychomycosis caused by Cladosporium halotolerans

ABSTRACT A 49-year-old patient with changes in the nails of the hallux for 10 years was diagnosed with onychomycosis. The identity of the causative agent was confirmed as Cladosporium halotolerans from the Cladosporium sphaerospermum species complex using molecular techniques. MALDI-TOF identified the agent as C. sphaerospermum complex species. Overall, species such as onychomycosis agents should attract special attention to avoid mistakes in the identification process while considering a probable contaminant as responsible for the disease. These species deserve attention since there are rare descriptions of them as causes of onychomycosis. It is important to recognize them as causes of disease and not just as a probable contaminant.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Finger Nail Bed: An Onychomycosis Like Lesion

@#Squamous cell carcinoma is a form of skin malignancy that involves squamous cells lining the epidermis. It is the second most common form of non-melanoma skin malignancy. We describe a case of squamous cell carcinoma involving the nail bed of an elderly gentleman that was initially diagnosed as a case of fungal infection of the nail bed.

Analysis of the nail microbiome in patients with onychomycosis by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer regions / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate differences in bacterial and fungal microbiome between infected nails and healthy nails among patients with onychomycosis.Methods:Nail scraping samples were collected from infected nails and healthy nails of 31 patients with onychomycosis, who visited Dalian Dermatosis Hospital from August 2020 to July 2021. The total DNA of nail microbiota was extracted, and the V3-V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rDNA gene and the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were amplified and sequenced using Illumina technology. The USEARCH and mothur softwares were used for data cluster analysis to obtain the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) , Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to analyze α diversity, analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) was performed to analyze β diversity, linear discriminant analysis of effect size (LEfSe) was performed to evaluate the species difference.Results:Among the 31 patients with onychomycosis, 16 were males and 15 were females. According to the age, they were divided into young group (18 - 35 years old, 10 cases) , middle-aged group (36 - 60 years old, 11 cases) , and elderly group (over 60 years old, 10 cases) . As the α-diversity analysis revealed, the infected nail group showed significantly decreased Shannon index ( W = 290, P = 0.007) , but significantly increased Simpson index ( W = 663, P = 0.010) compared with the healthy nail group, suggesting that the diversity and evenness of bacterial communities were lower in the infected nail group than in the healthy nail group; however, there was no significant difference in the diversity of fungal communities between the infected nail group and healthy nail group. The β-diversity analysis based on the unweighted-UniFrac distance matrix showed no significant difference in the fungal or bacterial community composition between the infected nail group and healthy nail group (bacterial communities: R = 0.0052, P = 0.331; fungal communities: R = 0.0036, P = 0.337) ; the β-diversity analysis based on the weighted-UniFrac distance matrix showed significant differences in the abundance of bacterial and fungal communities between the two groups (both P = 0.001) . In terms of the species composition, the bacterial flora with significantly decreased abundance in the infected nail group compared with the healthy nail group included Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Burkholderiales, Ralstonia, Sphingomonas and Streptococcus, while the abundance of Bacilli, Bacillales and Staphylococcus was significantly higher in the infected nail group than in the healthy nail group. Compared with the healthy nail group, the fungal flora with significantly increased abundance in the infected nail group included Eurotiomycetes, Onygenales, Leotiomycetes-ord-incertae-sedis, Arthrodermataceae, Periconia, Erysiphe, Tilletiopsis, Trichophyton, Erysiphe cruciferarum, Trichophyton rubrum, Malassezia sympodialis, while the abundance of Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetaceae, Dothioraceae, Candida and Alternaria was significantly lower in the infected nail group than in the healthy nail group. Conclusion:The diversity and abundance of bacterial communities significantly differed between infected nails and healthy nails among patients with onychomycosis, while only the abundance of fungal communities differed between the two groups, and perhaps there was correlations between some bacterial and fungal communities.

Laserterapia e tratamento medicamentoso tópico na onicomicose em pessoas com diabetes: série de casos* / Terapia láser y tratamiento con medicamento tópico para onicomicosis en personas con diabetes: serie de casos / Laser therapy and topical drug treatment for onychomycosis in people with diabetes: A case-series study

Objetivo: descrever os efeitos da laserterapia de baixa intensidade e do tratamento medicamentoso tópico da onicomicose em pessoas com diabetes. Método: estudo quantitativo, do tipo série de casos. Os participantes foram 21 pessoas com diabetes divididas em dois grupos, sendo o primeiro tratado com laser e o segundo com medicamento tópico no período de outubro de 2020 a agosto de 2021. Os dados foram coletados em histórico e exame clínico das lâminas ungueais e organizados em banco de dados, cuja análise ocorreu por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados: identificou-se que no grupo I 30% das lâminas ungueais obtiveram cura clínica e no II 26%. Ao avaliar a resposta satisfatória o grupo I apresentou 63% e o II 53%. Conclusão: o tratamento da onicomicose com laserterapia apresentou maior prevalência de resposta satisfatória e cura clínica do que o tratamento medicamento tópico.

Objective: to describe the effects of low-level laser therapy and of topical drug treatment for onychomycosis in people with diabetes. Method: a qualitative study of the case-series type. The participants were 21 individuals with diabetes divided into two groups, the first treated with laser and the second with topical medication from October 2020 to August 2021. The data were collected in a clinical history and examination of the nail plates and organized in a database, whose analysis took place through descriptive statistics. Results: it was identified that 30% and 26% of the nail plates attained clinical cure in groups I and II, respectively. When assessing the satisfactory response, groups I and II presented 63% and 53%, respectively. Conclusion: the onychomycosis treatment with laser therapy presented higher prevalence of satisfactory response and clinical cure than the topical drug treatment.

Objetivo: describir los efectos de la Terapia Láser de Baja Intensidad y del tratamiento con medicamento tópico para la onicomicosis en personas con diabetes. Método: estudio cuantitativo del tipo serie de casos. Los participantes fueron 21 personas con diabetes divididas en dos grupos: el primero tratado con láser y el segundo con un medicamento tópico entre octubre de 2020 y agosto de 2021. Los datos se recolectaron de las historias y los exámenes clínicos de las placas ungueales y se los organizó en una base de datos, cuyo análisis se realizó por medio de estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se identificó que el 30% y el 26% de las placas ungueales alcanzaron cura clínica en los grupos I y II, respectivamente. Al evaluar la respuesta satisfactoria, los grupos I y II presentaron 63% y 53%. Conclusión: el tratamiento de la onicomicosis con terapia láser presentó mayor prevalencia de respuestas satisfactoria y cura clínica que el tratamiento con predicamento tópico.

Study of Clinico-mycological profile of onychomycosis at a tertiary carehospital

Introduction: Onychomycosis (OM) is a common nail disorder caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte moulds and yeasts. The increased prevalence of OM along with the wide range of associated fungi necessitates the accurate laboratory isola?on and iden?fica?on of the causa?ve fungus for op?mal management strategies. The aim of the study was to evaluate clinical, epidemiological and mycological characteris?cs of OM at a ter?ary care hospital in Karimnagar. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Department of Microbiology for a period of one year. 109 pa?ents clinically diagnosed as OM were subjected to detailed history, clinical examina?on and inves?ga?ons. Nail clippings and subungual debris of OM pa?ents were subjected to KOH prepara?on and culture. Isolates were iden?fied by colony characters, pigment produc?on, microscopic morphology. Results: The maximum number of OM cases belonged to the age group 21-30 years with a male preponderance. Higher incidence was noted in males (71.5%) than females (28.4%). Direct microscopy of the nail clippings in 40% KOH solu?on was posi?ve in 56.8% and culture was posi?ve in 75.2% cases. The common e?ological agent was dermatophytes (45.12% cases) followed by yeasts (34.14% and non dermatophyte molds (20.7% cases). T.rubrum was the commonest among dermatophytes and Candida albicans among the yeasts. Conclusions: Although onychomycosis is not life threatening, it can cause a significant nega?ve impact on the quality of life of infected pa?ents. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent distor?on of the nails which can prevent loss of working efficiency of the commonly affected popula?on.

Laserterapia de baixa intensidade com terapia fotodinâmica no tratamento de onicomicose / Low intensity laser therapy with photodynamic therapy in the treatment of onychomycosis / Terapia láser de baja intensidad con terapia fotodinámica en el tratamiento de la onicomicosis

Objetivo: avaliar os resultados da aplicação da laserterapia de baixa intensidade com terapia fotodinâmica no tratamento da onicomicose em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Método: estudo observacional do tipo série de casos, realizado em um serviço de Podiatria Clínica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A população foram 11 pacientes diabéticos com onicomicose que receberam 5 sessões de intervenção e avaliados antes e depois. O estudo ocorreu de fevereiro a março de 2021, após aprovação do comitê de ética. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva. Resultados: verificou-se, após aplicação da intervenção, a evolução satisfatória do aspecto clínico das lâminas ungueais em 70% da amostra. Apenas 30% da amostra não apresentou modificação no aspecto da lâmina. Conclusão: a laserterapia com terapia fotodinâmica no tratamento da onicomicose em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 apresenta resultados promissores com melhora clínica da maioria dos casos.

Objective: to evaluate the results of the application of low-level laser therapy with photodynamic therapy in the treatment of onychomycosis in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Method: case series observational study, performed in a Clinical Podiatrics service in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The population was 11 diabetic patients with onychomycosis who received 5 intervention sessions and evaluated before and after. The study took place from February to March 2021, after approval by the ethics committee. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: after the intervention, the satisfactory evolution of the clinical aspect of the nail plates was verified in 70% of the sample. Only 30% of the sample showed no change in the appearance of the the blade. Conclusion: laser therapy with photodynamic therapy in the treatment of onychomycosis in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus shows promising results with clinical improvement in most cases.

Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de la aplicación de la terapia láser de baja intensidad con terapia fotodinámica en el tratamiento de la onicomicosis en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Método: estudio observacional de serie de casos, realizado en una Clínica Servicio de podología en el estado de Río de Janeiro. La población fue de 11 pacientes diabéticos con onicomicosis que recibieron 5 sesiones de intervención y evaluados antes y después. El estudio se llevó a cabo de febrero a marzo de 2021, previa aprobación del comité de ética. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Posterior a la intervención se verificó la evolución satisfactoria del aspecto clínico de las láminas ungueales en el 70% de la muestra. Solo el 30% de la muestra no mostró cambios en la apariencia de las láminas. Conclusión: La terapia láser con terapia fotodinámica en el tratamiento de la onicomicosis en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 muestra resultados prometedores con mejoría clínica en la mayoría de los casos.

Effectiveness and safety of topical amphotericin B in 30% dimethyl sulfoxide cream versus 30% dimethyl sulfoxide cream for nondermatophyte onychomycosis treatment: A pilot study

Background: Although topical amphotericin B cream is effective for the treatment of nondermatophyte mold onychomycosis in vitro, studies of its effectiveness and safety in vivo are limited. Objectives: We studied the effectiveness and safety of topical 0.3% amphotericin B in 30% dimethyl sulfoxide cream (amphotericin B cream) in nondermatophyte mold onychomycosis using the vehicle cream 30% dimethyl sulfoxide cream as control. Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted between January 2019 and November 2020. Patients diagnosed with nondermatophyte mold onychomycosis were randomly divided into two groups of ten patients each: one treated with amphotericin B cream and the other with the vehicle cream. Clinical and mycological cure as well as safety were evaluated. Results: Ten patients each treated with amphotericin B cream and the vehicle cream were included in the study, but only nine patients in the vehicle cream group were available for follow up. All the 19 evaluable patients had distal lateral subungual onychomycosis and the great toenails were affected in 18 (94.7%) of these. Mycological cure was achieved in 8 (80%) patients treated with amphotericin B cream and in 4 (44.4%) patients using the control (vehicle) cream. Clinical cure was achieved in 7 (70%) patients treated with amphotericin B cream, but only in 2 (22.2%) patients on the control cream. No adverse events were observed. Limitations: The small sample size and the fact that PCR fungal identification that provides accurate identification of fungal species was not performed are limitations of our study. Conclusion: Topical amphotericin B cream was both very effective and safe in the treatment nondermatophyte mold onychomycosis. The control (vehicle) cream containing 30% dimethyl sulfoxide also demonstrated some antifungal activity

Eficacia del tratamiento alternativo con oleozón tópico en pacientes con onicomicosis / Effectiveness of alternative treatment with topical oleozon in patients with onychomycosis

RESUMEN Introducción: las onicomicosis son infecciones fúngicas de la lámina ungueal y tejidos adyacentes. Objetivo: determinar la eficacia del tratamiento alternativo con oleozón tópico en pacientes con onicomicosis de los consultorios 24 y 25 del Policlínico Universitario "Luis Augusto Turcios Lima" de la provincia de Pinar del Río, de 2017-2018. MétodoS: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal a los pacientes diagnosticados con onicomicosis en los consultorios 24 y 25 del Policlínico "Luis Augusto Turcios Lima" durante el 2017-2018, el universo estuvo conformado por 90 pacientes con el diagnostico de esta enfermedad, se trabajó con la totalidad de ellos; se estratificó en tres grupos, grupo A (ketoconazol tópico más fluconazol tableta), grupo B (oleozón tópico) y grupo C (fluconazol tableta más oleozón tópico). Resultados: predominó el grupo etáreo de 60-69 (31,1 %) y el sexo masculino (65,6 %), predominaron los pacientes que presentaron cambios de coloración en las uñas (32 %), en el grupo A el 56,7 % de los pacientes presentaron mejoría entre tres y seis meses, el grupo B el 93,3 % en el mismo periodo que el grupo A y en el grupo C el 100 % se curaron en el mismo periodo que los demás grupos. Conclusiones: predominó el grupo de 60-69 años de edad, el sexo masculino fue el más afectado. El signo más frecuente fue el cambio de coloración y el síntoma el dolor; el tratamiento combinado fue el más efectivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: onychomycoses are fungal infections of the nail plate and adjacent tissues. Objective: to determine the efficacy of alternative treatment with topical oleozon in patients with onychomycosis of the 24th and 25th Doctor's Offices belonging to Luis Augusto Turcios Lima University Polyclinic in Pinar del Rio province during 2017-2018. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on patients diagnosed with onychomycosis in the 24th and 25th Doctor's Offices belonging to Luis Augusto Turcios Lima University Polyclinic in Pinar del Rio province during 2017-2018. The target group comprised 90 patients diagnosed with this disease, working with all of them, which were stratified into three groups, group-A (topical ketoconazole plus fluconazole tablet), group-B (topical oleozon) and group-C (fluconazole tablet plus topical oleozon). Results: the age group 60-69 (31,1 %) and male sex (65,6 %) predominated, patients with nail discoloration changes predominated (32 %), in group-A 56,7 % of patients showed improvement between 3 and 6 months, group-B 93,3 % in the same period as group-A and in group-C 100 % were cured in the same period as the other groups. Conclusions: the age group from 60-69 predominated, male sex was the most affected. The most frequent sign was discoloration change and the symptom was pain; combined treatment was the most effective.

Uso dos óleos essenciais em onicomicose: revisão integrativa / Use of essential oils in onychomycosis: an integrative review / Uso de aceites esenciales en onicomicosis: revisión integrativa

Objetivo:identificar na literatura como os óleos essenciais são utilizados em onicomicose. Métodos: revisão integrativa com buscas realizadas nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, SCOPUS e BVS, sendo 13 estudos analisados. Resultados: o uso de óleos essenciais Melaleucaalternifólia, Lavandulaangustifólia, Eucalyptuscitriodora e Foeniculumvulgare mostram-se eficazes e trazem benefícios no tratamento da onicomicose, por inibirem o crescimento micelial dos fungos infectantes das unhas. Sendo assim, os profissionais de saúde envolvidos nos cuidados em pessoas com onicomicose devem se manter atualizados sobre tais alternativas de tratamento e consequentemente da melhora da assistência prestada a esses pacientes. Conclusão: a eficácia antifúngica de uma variedade de óleos foi comprovada com diferentes formas de apresentação e possíveis associações. Entretanto, o nível da evidência apresentado foi baixo, o que justifica a necessidade de estudos mais robustos sobre a temática.

Objective:identify in the literature how essential oils are used in onychomycosis. Methods:integrative review with searches performed in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, SCOPUS and BVS databases, with 13 studies analyzed. Results: the use of essential oils Melaleuca alternifolia, Lavandula angustifolia, Eucalyptus citriodora and Foeniculum vulgare are effective and bring benefits in the treatment of onychomycosis, as they inhibit the mycelial growth of the nail fungus. Therefore, health professionals involved in the care of people with onychomycosis must keep themselves updated on such treatment alternatives and, consequently, on improving the care provided to these patients. Conclusion: the antifungal efficacy of a variety of oils has been proven with different forms of presentation and possible associations. However, the level of evidence presented was low, which justifies the need for more robust studies on the subject

Objetivo:Identificar en la literatura cómo se utilizan los aceites esenciales en la onicomicosis. Métodos: Revisión integrativa, con búsquedas realizadas en las bases de datos MEDLINE / PubMed Web of Science, Cochrane, SCOPUS y VHL, donde se analizaron 13 estudios. Resultados: El uso de los aceites esenciales Melaleuca alternifolia, Lavandula angustifolia, Eucalyptus citriodora y Foeniculum vulgare resulta eficaz y aporta beneficios en el tratamiento de la onicomicosis ya que inhiben el crecimiento micelial del hongo ungueal. Así, los profesionales sanitarios implicados en la atención de las personas con onicomicosis onicomicosis deben mantenerse actualizados sobre dichas alternativas de tratamiento y, en consecuencia, sobre la mejora de la atención que se brinda a estos pacientes. Conclusión: La eficacia antifúngica de una variedad de aceites ha sido probada con diferentes formas de presentación y posibles asociaciones. Sin embargo, el nivel de evidencia presentado fue bajo, lo que justifica la necesidad de estudios más robustos sobre el tema

Epidemiología de la Onicomicosis Pedis en adultos hospitalizados en un servicio de medicina en un hospital de tercer nivel en Chile / Epidemiology of Onychomycosis pedisinhospitalized adults at the internal medicine ward of a high complexity hospital in Chile

La prevalencia global de la onicomicosis pedis es de 4,3%, y en hospitalizados puede llegar hasta 8,9%. Aun así, se propone que está ampliamente subdiagnosticada. Personas añosas con comorbilidades presentan mayor riesgo de onicomicosis pedis y de sus complicaciones. Se examinaron aleatoriamente a 64 pacientes hospitalizados en el Servicio de Medicina del Hospital San José. A aquellos con signos clínicos de onicomicosis pedis se les realizó un examen micológico directo (MD) y estudio histopatológico de un corte de uña teñido con PAS (Bp/PAS). Muestra de 64 pacientes, un 78,1% presentó onicomicosis pedis clínica y en un 70,3% se confirmó el diagnóstico con MD y/o Bp/PAS positivo. De los pacientes con onicomicosis confirmada, el promedio de edad fue de 67,8 +/- 12,3 años. Un 44% correspondió al sexo femenino y un 56% al sexo masculino. La onicomicosis pedis en el servicio de medicina interna del Hospital San José es una condición frecuente. El conjunto de MD y Bp/PAS podría ser considerado como una buena alternativa diagnóstica. (AU)

Onychomycosis of the toenails has a global prevalence of 4,3% and can reach up to 8,9% in hospitalized patients. It has been hypothesized that it is widely under diagnosed. Aged patients with multiple diseases have an increased risk of Onychomycosis and its complications. 64 patients of the internal medicine ward were randomly selected. Those who had clinical signs of onychomycosis of the toenails were tested with direct microscopy and histological study of the nail plate with PAS staining. Of the 64 patients, 78,1% (50) had clinical signs of onychomycosis of the toenails and in 70,3% (45) the diagnosis was confirmed either by direct microscopy and/or by histological study of the nail plate with PAS staining. The mean age for the group with onychomycosis was 67,8 +/- 12,3 ages. 44% were female and 56% were male. Onychomycosis of the toenails is a frequent condition at the internal medicine ward of the San José Hospital. The direct microscopy together with the histological study of the nail plate with PAS staining seem to be a good diagnosis alternative. (AU)

Nanopartículas de plata en el tratamiento de la micosis asociada al pie diabético / Silver nanoparticles to treat mycosis associated with diabetic foot / Nanopartículas de prata no tratamento da micose associada ao pé diabético

Resumen: Una proporción importante de infecciones en el pie diabético consisten en onicomicosis y tinea pedis, problema común en el pie, amenazante de la viabilidad del tejido que puede provocar infecciones bacterianas secundarias. Requieren períodos prolongados de tratamiento antimicótico con alta tasas de recaídas y reinfección. Diversos estudios han mostrado la seguridad y eficacia de las nanopartículas de plata (NP Ag) como agente antimicrobiano. Realizamos un estudio donde se evaluó el tratamiento con NP Ag en dermatomicosis del pie de pacientes diabéticos. Método: estudio piloto, abierto, prospectivo, randomizado y controlado en pacientes que asisten a una policlínica de pie diabético. Dieciocho pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión conformándose dos grupos homogéneos. Ambos grupos recibieron tratamiento estándar que consistió en antimicótico tópico y desbastado mecánico. El grupo intervención utilizó un textil (medias) confeccionadas con hilos con NP Ag. Se realizó control clínico y microbiológico hasta las 12 semanas. Se evaluó el porcentaje de remisión y el tiempo hasta alcanzar el mismo. Resultados: predominó la onicomicosis y el germen Trichophyton rubrum. En el grupo intervención se logró un mayor porcentaje de remisión de lesiones y en un tiempo menor que el grupo control. Conclusiones: el uso de medias confeccionadas con hilos de NP Ag se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de curación completa en un período de 12 semanas a pesar de que el número de pacientes no permitió llegar al nivel de significación estadística, pudiendo contribuir a la prevención de infecciones o úlceras suplementarias en el pie diabético.

Summary: Onychomycosis and tinea pedis represent a significant proportion of infections in the diabetic foot, a common foot problem, and they constitute a threat to the viability of tissues that may provoke secondary bacterial infections. To combat them, antifungal treatments are required for long periods of time, the rates of relapse and reinfection being high. Several studies have proved the safety and effectiveness of silver nano particles (NP Ag) as an antimicrobial agent. A study was conducted to assess nanoparticle agents for foot dermatomycosis in diabetic patients. Method: pilot, open, prospective randomized and controlled study in patients who are assisted in a diabetic foot policlinic. 18 patients complied with the inclusion criteria and two homogeneous groups were formed. Both groups received standard treatment consisting in topic antifungal and mechanical roughing. The intervention groups used a textile (stockings) made with silver nanoparticle threads. Clinical and microbiological control was made during 12 weeks, also assessing the remission percentage and the time it took to achieve it. Resultados: onychomycosis and trichophyton rubrum prevailed. The intervention group showed a greater percentage of remission of lesions in a period of time that was shorter than that of the control group. Conclusions: the use of stockings made with NP Ag threads was associated with a greater probability of complete healing, in a 12-week period, despite the fact that the number of patients was not statistically significant. This could contribute to the prevention of supplementary infections or ulcers in the diabetic foot.

Resumo: Uma proporção significativa de infecções do pé diabético consiste em onicomicose e Tinea pedis, um problema comum nos pés que ameaça a viabilidade do tecido e pode causar infecções bacterianas secundárias. Requerem períodos prolongados de tratamento antifúngico com altas taxas de recidiva e reinfecção. Vários estudos têm demonstrado a segurança e a eficácia das nanopartículas de prata (NP Ag) como agente antimicrobiano. Realizamos um estudo onde o tratamento com NP Ag foi avaliado na dermatomicose do pé de pacientes diabéticos. Método: estudo piloto, aberto, prospectivo, randomizado e controlado em pacientes atendidos em uma policlínica de pé diabético. Dezoito pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão, formando dois grupos homogêneos. Ambos os grupos receberam tratamento padrão que consiste em antifúngico tópico e moagem mecânica. O grupo intervenção utilizou um tecido (meias) confeccionado com fios NP Ag. O controle clínico e microbiológico foi realizado até 12 semanas. A porcentagem de remissão e o tempo para alcançá-la foram avaliados. Resultados: predominaram a onicomicose e o germe Trichophyton rubrum. No grupo intervenção, obteve-se maior percentual de remissão das lesões e em menor tempo que o grupo controle. Conclusões: o uso de meias confeccionadas com fios NP Ag esteve associado a uma maior probabilidade de cura completa, no período de 12 semanas, apesar do número de pacientes não permitir atingir o nível de significância estatística, podendo contribuir para a prevenção de infecções ou úlceras adicionais no pé diabético.

Actividad combinada de itraconazol y terbinafina sobre aislamientos clínicos de Neoscytalidium dimidiatum / Combined activity of Itraconazole and Terbinafine over clinical isolates of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la susceptibilidad de N. dimidiatum ante el efecto combinado de itraconazol y terbinafina. Métodos: Se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria y la concentración inhibitoria fraccionada in vitro, mediante el método del tablero de ajedrez, a 15 aislamientos clínicos provenientes de onicomicosis de diferentes pacientes, todos positivos por N. dimidiatum. Se prepararon ensayos por duplicado con diluciones combinadas de los antifúngicos y se evaluó el efecto de ambos fármacos. Resultados: La concentración mínima inhibitoria promedio de solo itraconazol aplicado a los aislamientos fue de 30,83 μg/mL y de 4,49 μg/mL combinado con terbinafina. La concentración mínima inhibitoria promedio de solo terbinafina fue de 0,33 μg/mL y de 0,07 μg/mL combinada con itraconazol. Hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias promedio de los antifúngicos analizados en solitario respecto de las concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias combinadas; para itraconazol (t = 2,958; gl = 14; p = 0,01) y (t = 4,721; gl = 14; p < 0,001) para terbinafina. El uso combinado evidenció 40 % de sinergismo. Conclusiones: La combinación itraconazol-terbinafina presentó un efecto sinérgico total para inhibir el crecimiento de N. dimidiatum; esto ofrece una alternativa terapéutica en el tratamiento de las onicomicosis.

Abstract Aim: Study the combined susceptibility patterns of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum to the effect of Itraconazole and Terbinafine. Background: The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration were determined in vitro by the chessboard method for 15 clinical isolates of onychomycosis, from different patients, all positives for N. dimidiatum. Duplicated trials were prepared with combined dilutions of antifungals and the effect of both drugs was evaluated. Results: The average Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Itraconazole when applied alone for the isolates was 30.83 μg/mL and 4.49 μg/mL when combined with Terbinafine. The average Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Terbinafine alone was 0.33 μg/mL and 0.07 μg/mL when combined with Itraconazole. Statistically significant differences were found between the average Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of the antifungals analyzed alone versus the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations obtained by mixing both compounds. That is for Itraconazole (t = 2,958; gl = 14; p = 0,01) and (t = 4,721; gl = 14; p <0,001) for Terbinafine. Combined use showed 40 % synergism. Conclusions: The Itraconazole-Terbinafine combination had synergistic effect to inhibit the growth of N. dimidiatum, which offers a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of onychomycoses caused by this fungus.

Dermoscopic features of 266 cases of melanonychia / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate dermoscopic manifestations and features of melanonychia.Methods:A retrospective analysis was carried out on dermoscopic images of 4 common types of melanonychia collected in Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University from January 2016 to July 2020.Results:A total of 266 cases of melanonychia were collected, including 64 (24.1%) of subungual melanoma, 52 (19.5%) of nail matrix nevi, 89 (33.5%) of subungual hemorrhage, and 61 (22.9%) of onychomycosis. Subungual melanoma and nail matrix nevi mostly occurred in the fingernails. To be specific, subungual melanoma most frequently occurred in the thumbnails (62.8%) , while nail matrix nevi mostly involved the 2 nd - 5 th fingernails (73.9%) . Subungual hemorrhage and onychomycosis mostly occurred in the toenails, and there were 51 (57.3%) cases of subungual hemorrhage of the toenails and 46 (75.4%) cases of onychomycosis of the toenails. Subungual melanoma mostly occurred in patients aged over 40 years (49 cases, 76.8%) , while the other 3 types of melanonychia mostly affected patients aged under 40 years. Dermoscopic manifestations of subungual melanoma mainly included regular longitudinal bands (35 cases, 54.7%) or irregular bands (25 cases, 39.0%) whose width was greater than 3 mm in 87.5% cases, Hutchinson sign (36 cases, 56.3%) , and ruptures (15 cases, 23.4%) which mainly were black-brown in color; dermoscopic manifestations of nail matrix nevi mainly were a single regular pigmented band (52 cases, 100%) whose width was less than 3 mm in 36 (69.2%) cases, and Hutchinson sign (26 cases, 50%) , while no ruptures were observed in nail matrix nevus lesions; subungual hemorrhage dermoscopically manifested as diffuse macules (74 cases, 83.1%) , and globular dark red or black hemorrhagic structures were observed in 85 (95.5%) cases; fungal melanonychia was dermoscopically characterized by irregular dark brown longitudinal bands (54 cases, 88.5%) . Conclusions:Subungual melanoma was dermoscopically characterized by regular longitudinal bands with a width of greater than 3 mm, nail matrix nevi by regular longitudinal bands, subungual hemorrhage by diffuse macules, and onychomycosis by irregular longitudinal bands. Dermatoscopy can be used to identify melanonychia lesions and provide a basis for auxiliary diagnosis of subungual melanoma.

Neoscytalidium dimidiatum un raro agente de onicomicosis no dermatofítica en Chile / Neoscytalidium dimidiatuma rare agent ofnon dermatophyticonychomycosisin Chile

El término de onicomicosis se emplea para describir las infecciones de las uñas causadas por diferentes grupos taxonómicos fúngicos ya sea filamentosos como levaduriformes. A pesar de que estas patologías son causadas en los vertebrados principalmente por integrantes de la Familia Artrodermatáceae (Onygenales), la micología médica aplicó para ellos la terminología más específica de dermatofitosis, por ser un grupo ecológico de mayor importancia y presencia clínica. Las dermatomicosis de piel y fanéreos, representan un conjunto de infecciones producidas por especies fúngicas distribuidas en ambientes diversos, capaces de crecer a temperaturas de 37° y que actúan usualmente como patógenos oportunistas cuando existe generalmente un factor predisponente en el huésped. Se destaca la colonización en una uña de los pies en un hombre de 49 años por Neoscytalidium dimidiatum(Penz.) Crous & Slippers, un reconocido fitopatógeno de rápido crecimiento, común en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, que presentó la capacidad de invadir tejidos queratinizados con un aspecto clínico indistinguible de los causadas por dermatofitos. Por la rara presencia de este hongo en nuestra zona geográfica (provincia de Valparaíso, Chile), se aportan los principales datos morfofisiológicos,taxonómicos y moleculares utilizados en su diagnóstico. (AU)

The term onychomycosis is used to describe nail infections caused by different fungal taxonomic groups, either filamentous or yeast. Despite the fact that these pathologies are caused in vertebrates mainly by members of the Artrodermatáceae Family (Onygenales), medical mycology applied the more specific terminology of dermatophytosis for them, as it is an ecological group of greater importance and clinical presence. Skin and pharynx dermatomycosis represent a set of infections produced by fungal species distributed in diverse environments, capable of growing at temperatures of 37° and that usually act as opportunistic pathogens when there is a predisposing factor in the host. The colonization on a toenail in a 49-year-old man by Nesoscytalidium dimidiatumis highlighted (Penz.) Crous & Slippers, a recognized fast-growing phytopathogen, common in tropical and subtropical areas, which presented the ability to invade keratinized tissues with a clinical appearance indistinguishable from those caused by dermatophytes. Due to the rare presence of this fungus in our geographical area (Valparaíso province, Chile), the main morphophysiological, taxonomic and molecular data used in its identificationare provided. (AU)

Onicomicosis en paciente inmunocompetente por Aspergillus sección Candidi / Onychomycosis in immunocompetent patient by Aspergillus section Candidi

Introducción: los hongos miceliales no dermatofitos (HMND) pueden causar un gran número de infecciones, entre ellas, la onicomicosis. Su implicancia como agentes patógenos y su significado clínico en esta afección, se encuentran sujetos al cumplimiento de los criterios de Walshe y Mary P. English. Presentamos un caso de onicomicosis causada por un hongo hifomiceto poco frecuente, del género Asper-gillus sección Candidi, en una paciente inmunocompetente y su estrategia terapéutica. Materiales y métodos: se estudió una paciente inmunocompetente, de 43 años de edad, con lesión en uña de primer dedo del pie derecho, de 10 años de evolución. Se realizó toma de muestra para examen micológico. Resultados: el examen directo reveló la presencia de hifas hialinas irregulares, ramificadas y tabica-das, compatibles con HMND. En muestras seriadas, desarrollaron colonias blanco algodonosas, cuya micromorfología fue concordante con Aspergillus sección Candidi. La identificación fue confirmada en la Unidad de Micología del Hospital de Infecciosas Francisco Javier Muñiz de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Allí también se realizaron pruebas de sensibilidad a antifúngicos, resultando sensible a itraconazol y terbinafina. Conclusión: exponemos un caso de onicomicosis causada por Aspergillus sección Candidi, HMND no queratinolítico, de escasa frecuencia de aparición, siendo el primer caso descripto y publicado en Argentina. También se planteó una estrategia terapéutica efectiva, que condujera a la cura clínica y microbiológica, de la uña de la paciente.

Introduction: non-dermatophyte mycelial fungi (HMND) can cause a large number of infections, including onychomycosis. Its implica-tion as pathogens and its clinical significance in this condition are subject to compliance with Walshe's and Mary P. English's criteria. We present a case of onychomycosis caused by hyphomycete rare fungus, of the genus Aspergillus section Candidi, in an immunocompetent patient and its therapeutic strategy. Materials and methods: a 43-year-old immunocompetent patient with a 10-year-old right-toe nail lesion was studied. Samples were taken for mycological examination. Results: the direct examination revealed the presence of irregu-lar, branched and tabulated hyaline hyphae, compatible with HMND. In serial samples, they developed white cotton colonies, whose micromorphology was consistent with Aspergillus, section Candidi. The identification was confirmed at the Mycology Unit of Francisco Javier Muñiz Infectious Hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Susceptibility to antifungals was also tested there, resulting in susceptibility to itraconazole and terbinafine. Conclusion: we present a case of onychomycosis caused by Aspergillus section Candidi, non-keratinolytic HMND, of rare occurrence, being the first case described and published in Argentina. An effective therapeutic strategy was also proposed that led to the patient's toenail's clinical and microbiological cure.

Study of onychomycosis

Background: Onychomycosis is one of the most common fungal nail infections caused by Dermatophytes, Non-Dermatophytic Molds (NDM) and Yeast. Though it is not life-threatening, can cause pain, discomfort, and disfigurement. It decreases the nail growth rate. Objectives: This study was carried out to document the clinico-mycological pattern and antifungal susceptibility pattern of onychomycosis.Methods: The study group included 130 consecutive patients with suspected fungal nail infections, attending Dermatology outpatient department of King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh during November 2012 to August 2014. The nail clippings of the patients were collected and subjected to KOH mounts for direct microscopy and fungal culture and antifungal susceptibility tests.Results: Onychomycosis was common among males (66.92%) than females (33.08%) with highest incidence was in age group 31-40 years (41.37%). Finger or toenails were exclusively involved in 32.18% and 55.18% patients respectively while these were involved concurrently in the rest of the 12.65% patients. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis seen in 64.36% of the patients was the most common clinical type. KOH and culture positivity were recorded in 56.92% and 48.46% cases respectively. Dermatophytes (50.58%) were predominant isolate followed by NDM (27.58%) and yeast (21.84%). Clotrimazole and ketoconazole were most effective antifungals against dermatophytes. For NDM, itraconazole, nystatin and amphotericin B and for yeast fluconazole and itraconazole were effective.Conclusions: The present study gives an insight about the aetiological agents causing onychomycosis and their anti-fungal susceptibility pattern in this region. Thus, it can help in taking adequate control measures to prevent it.

Onicomatricoma, um diagnóstico ignorado: relato de caso / Onychomatricoma, an ignored diagnosis: Case Report

O onicomatricoma é um tumor raro do complexo ungueal, de etiologia desconhecida. Apresenta-se com maior incidência em mulheres na 5ª década de vida. Contudo, é possível que esta ocorrência esteja equivocada devido a dados e informações que ainda não foram seguramente esclarecidos. O propósito do presente estudo é fazer uma revisão de literatura e relatar dois casos de onicomatricoma. Foram incluídos dois pacientes do sexo masculino, com faixa etária distinta e apresentações diferentes do tumor. O entendimento deste trabalho evidencia que a raridade e a incidência relatadas na literatura são questionáveis, e que o onicomatricoma pode ser subdiagnosticado

Onychomatricoma is a rare tumor of the nail complex of unknown etiology. It has a higher incidence in women in the 5th decade of life. However, this occurrence may be mistaken due to data and information that have not yet been fully elucidated. This study aims to review the literature and report two cases of onychomatricoma. We included two male patients with different age ranges and different tumor presentations. This study shows that the rarity and incidence reported in the literature are questionable and that the onychomatricoma can be underdiagnosed